HPV: What You Need to Know and How to Protect Your Health

BY NOLWAZI VEZI
Feb 14
8 min read

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that affects millions of people worldwide, yet it often goes unnoticed because it can remain dormant in the body. What many do not know is that HPV can lead to some of the most serious health conditions, including various types of cancer.

The Department of Health has launched its first round of HPV vaccinations, a crucial step toward safeguarding future generations from the devastating effects of the virus. However, despite the availability of an effective vaccine, several myths continue to cloud public understanding of HPV and its vaccination.

As this public health initiative rolls out, it’s essential to address these misconceptions and highlight why getting vaccinated against HPV is one of the most important decisions for long-term health.

What is HPV?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family that infects epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes. There are over 200 types of HPV, categorized into low-risk types, which cause benign lesions like warts, and high-risk types, which can lead to the development of cancers, particularly cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV is primarily transmitted through direct skin-to-skin or sexual contact.

One of the most concerning facts about HPV is that it is a leading cause of cervical cancer, which remains one of the most prevalent and deadly cancers among women in South Africa. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), HPV is responsible for around 5% of cancers worldwide, making it a major public health concern. Fortunately, cervical cancer is preventable, and the key to preventing it is through vaccination.

What Are The Risks of HPV Infection?

HPV often causes no symptoms, making it difficult for individuals to realise they are infected. In most cases, the virus will go away on its own without causing harm. However, persistent infection with high-risk strains of HPV can lead to the development of abnormal cell changes in the cervix, which, if untreated, may progress to cervical cancer. HPV is also associated with other cancers, including anal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers.

According to Mayo Clinic, while most HPV infections are cleared by the body’s immune system, certain strains (specifically HPV 16 and 18) can persist and result in more serious health complications. The risk of developing cancer is particularly high when HPV infection is left undiagnosed and untreated. This is why vaccination is so important: it helps prevent the types of HPV that are most likely to cause cancer.

What Are HPV Symptoms: What to Look Out For

The majority of HPV infections do not show any symptoms, and many people may not even know they are infected. However, when symptoms do occur, they can take various forms, including:

Genital Warts: These small growths or lumps appear on the genital, anal, or mouth areas. They are one of the most visible symptoms of HPV. Genital warts can be itchy or uncomfortable but are typically harmless. If you notice growths or unusual lumps, it is important to see a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Abnormal Pap Smear Results: For women, an abnormal Pap smear result may indicate the presence of high-risk HPV strains that could lead to cervical cancer. While this is not a symptom in the traditional sense, it is a critical warning sign that requires follow-up testing and possible treatment to prevent further complications.
Changes in Skin or Mucous Membranes: Some types of HPV can cause warts on the skin, particularly on the hands or feet. In rare cases, persistent infections can lead to warts or lesions in the mouth or throat, which may cause discomfort or difficulty swallowing.
Cancers: In the most severe cases, persistent HPV infections can lead to the development of cancers, particularly cervical cancer. Symptoms of these cancers may include unexplained weight loss, pain during sex, bleeding between periods, or unusual swelling or lumps.

It’s crucial to understand that these symptoms are not specific to HPV but are signs of a more advanced condition and should be investigated promptly.

What to Do When You See Symptoms ?

If you notice any of the symptoms mentioned above, it is crucial to take immediate action by seeking medical attention. Early detection plays a pivotal role in preventing the progression of HPV infections to more severe health issues, including cancer. Here are the steps you should take when you observe these symptoms:

For Genital Warts: If you notice any unusual growths or warts in the genital, anal, or mouth areas, it's important to consult a healthcare provider as soon as possible. While genital warts are often not painful, they can be a sign of an HPV infection and may require treatment. Genital warts can be managed through various treatments, including topical medications, cryotherapy (freezing), or even minor surgery, depending on the size and location of the warts. However, it's essential to see a doctor first to determine the appropriate course of action.
For Abnormal Pap Smear Results: For women, an abnormal Pap smear result may indicate the presence of high-risk HPV strains, which could lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. If you receive an abnormal result, follow up with your healthcare provider for additional testing, such as a colposcopy. A colposcopy is a procedure that allows the doctor to closely examine the cervix for abnormal cells. If these cells are found, your healthcare provider may recommend treatments to remove the abnormal cells before they can progress to cancer. Prompt medical attention is necessary to prevent long-term health consequences.
For Throat or Mouth Lesions: If you notice any changes in your throat or mouth, such as the appearance of lesions, pain, or difficulty swallowing, it is important to seek a medical evaluation. These changes could be indicative of oropharyngeal cancer, a form of cancer linked to certain strains of HPV. A healthcare provider will be able to assess your symptoms, perform the necessary tests, and recommend the appropriate treatment if necessary. Early intervention is key to ensuring the best possible outcome.
For Cancer Symptoms: Symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, pain during sex, abnormal bleeding, or the presence of lumps should never be ignored. While these symptoms may not necessarily be directly linked to HPV, they can signal the presence of cancer or other serious health conditions. If you experience any of these symptoms, seek immediate medical advice to determine the cause and receive the appropriate care. Early diagnosis and treatment can make a significant difference in managing and treating these symptoms effectively.

Seeking Medical Attention and Available Options

When you observe any of the symptoms above, your first step should always be to consult a healthcare professional. A doctor will be able to diagnose your condition accurately, explain the potential causes, and guide you through the best course of action. It's important not to self-diagnose or attempt to treat symptoms on your own, as doing so can lead to delays in appropriate treatment.

Once you have seen a doctor, they may recommend specific treatments depending on the severity of your symptoms. For genital warts, for example, cryotherapy or topical treatments are typically used. If you have abnormal Pap smear results, your doctor may recommend procedures like a colposcopy or biopsy to detect any precancerous changes in the cervix. In the case of lesions in the throat or mouth, further testing will help determine whether the lesions are benign or indicative of more serious health issues like oropharyngeal cancer.

For cancer symptoms, your healthcare provider will perform the necessary diagnostic tests, which may include imaging or biopsy, to determine the cause of the symptoms. Depending on the diagnosis, treatments may range from surgery to chemotherapy or radiation, depending on the type and stage of the cancer.

While it's important to understand the various treatment options available, always prioritise seeking medical attention first. Your doctor’s guidance is essential in developing an effective treatment plan tailored to your specific condition. The earlier you take action, the better the outcome will be in preventing further complications and ensuring your long-term health.

How to Check if You Have HPV ?

Since HPV often has no symptoms, many people don't realize they are infected. Currently, there isn't a routine test available for HPV in men, but for women, a Pap smear (or Pap test) can detect abnormal cell changes in the cervix, which may indicate the presence of high-risk strains of HPV. If a woman has abnormal Pap smear results, further testing, such as a colposcopy, may be recommended to closely examine the cervix for potential precancerous changes.

For women who are at higher risk of HPV-related cancers, HPV testing may be conducted alongside a Pap smear to identify any specific strains of the virus. For men, if you notice any visible symptoms such as genital warts or unusual growths, you should seek medical advice. While there is no routine HPV test for men, regular check-ups and paying attention to any changes in the genital area can help with early detection. If you are concerned about HPV or have been exposed to a high-risk individual, consulting with a healthcare provider is a proactive step towards understanding your risk and taking appropriate measures.

The HPV Vaccination Breakthrough

In response to the global health threat posed by HPV, the Department of Health in South Africa has introduced a vaccination campaign to protect individuals from HPV-related cancers. This initiative is a critical step in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases in the country. The HPV vaccine works by preventing infection with the high-risk strains of the virus that can lead to cancer. When administered before exposure to the virus, the vaccine is highly effective at providing long-term protection against these strains.

The Department of Health’s campaign focuses on vaccinating girls and boys in schools, as vaccination is most effective when given at a young age, ideally before individuals become sexually active. However, individuals up to the age of 26 can still benefit from the vaccine, although the level of protection may be reduced if they have already been exposed to the virus.

Busting Myths About HPV and Vaccination

Despite the proven benefits of the HPV vaccine, several myths and misconceptions about HPV and its vaccination persist. These myths can prevent individuals from taking the necessary steps to protect themselves, so let’s address them head-on:

Myth 1: HPV is Only a Concern for Women

Many people believe that HPV is only a concern for women, especially since it is most commonly associated with cervical cancer. However, HPV affects both men and women. Men can develop HPV-related cancers, such as penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. Vaccinating boys is just as important as vaccinating girls in preventing the spread of the virus and reducing the risk of these cancers.

Myth 2: The HPV Vaccine is Dangerous or Unproven

Another common myth is that the HPV vaccine is dangerous or unproven. In fact, the HPV vaccine has been extensively tested and is considered safe by major health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It has been shown to be highly effective at preventing infection with the most dangerous strains of HPV, and millions of doses have been administered globally without significant side effects. The benefits of the vaccine far outweigh any potential risks, which are generally mild, such as soreness at the injection site.

Myth 3: The HPV Vaccine Causes Infertility

A particularly harmful myth is that the HPV vaccine causes infertility. This myth has been widely debunked by health experts, who emphasise that there is no evidence linking the vaccine to infertility. On the contrary, vaccination can actually help protect fertility by preventing HPV-related cancers, such as cervical cancer, which can affect reproductive organs.

The Long-Term Impact of Vaccination

Vaccinating against HPV is one of the most effective ways to reduce the burden of HPV-related cancers in the future. Countries that have implemented strong vaccination programs have already seen significant reductions in cervical cancer rates. In South Africa, the government’s vaccination campaign aims to reduce the incidence of cervical and other HPV-related cancers in the long term.

The vaccination program also has the potential to save lives by preventing cancers that are largely avoidable with vaccination. By taking proactive steps to vaccinate young people today, South Africa can create a healthier, cancer-free future for its citizens.

As the Department of Health rolls out its HPV vaccination campaign, it is essential to continue raising awareness about the importance of the vaccine in preventing HPV-related cancers.

Despite the myths and misconceptions that surround the virus and its vaccine, the truth is clear: vaccination is a critical tool in the fight against HPV and cancer. If you or your child are eligible for the vaccine, don’t hesitate—take action today to protect your health and your future.

Vaccination is the key to building a healthier tomorrow. Take the first step today—get vaccinated and encourage others to do the same. Visit your nearest clinic or health center to learn more about HPV and the life-saving vaccine that can protect you and your loved ones from cancer.